Investigation Of The Criminal Justice Field - 1261 Words

Week 2 Dropbox The criminal justice field is in place to not only hold those accountable for their actions but also to try and prevent further criminal activity from happening. One of the best ways to do so is to collect data and statistics on criminal activity across the nation. By collecting this data we can better know when and where crimes are happening and try to provide a solution to stopping them. However, people bring into question the accuracy and usefulness of crime statistics as they merely reflect the views of the policy makers. Two sources that collect and publish crime data and statistics are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, and the National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS). The Uniform Crime Reporting program was created in 1930 when Congress saw the need to begin collecting statistics on crime in the nation. The UCR took and is still in full swing today, with approximately 18,000 law enforcement agencies (at all levels) providing crime data for the program. To provide uniformit y in reporting the FBI provides training, created standardized terminology, and provides numerous publications to participating law enforcement agencies. ( Schmalleger, P.33) This will further help any inaccuracies in the way police and the UCR collect and publish statistics. The traditional UCR program separates crime data into Part I and Part II offenses. There are eight crimes included in Part I offenses: murder, rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motorShow MoreRelatedWith The Advancement Of Technology It Has Changed The Entire1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthe criminal justice system. With Technology becoming a part of peoples everyday lives it is to be expected that technology would cross over into the world of crime. New computer crime has escalated in the past 10 years. As with the advancement of crime it has also made advancements in crime fighting aspect of criminal justice, these advances help criminal justice professionals in the community while on duty and du ring the investigatory stage. The advent of technology in the criminal justice systemRead MoreForensic Science And Criminal And Civil Law Enforcement843 Words   |  4 Pages The history of the use of forensic science in criminal cases in the United States is well over a century old. With the growth of society, the outcry to reduce crime, law enforcement agencies have taken decisive measures to minimize crime, and in doing so, turned to the scientific community for assistance, and technical support. As such, criminal investigation revolves around three particular questions: 1. who committed the crime? This question is answered based on witnessesRead MoreInvestigation Of A Criminal Investigation Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigation Research A criminal investigator can be described as an individual who collects, records, and analyzes evidence and information related to a criminal offense. The main goal of criminal investigation is to discover the truth regarding the events and processes that contributed to the occurrence of a criminal offense. Generally, the investigative process has four major objectives i.e. establishing the occurrence of an offense, determining and arresting the suspect, recovering stolenRead MoreResearch Process and Terminology Essay808 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone that is trying to conduct a criminal justice research project. It will also tell how by being knowledgeable of the correct terms it can be a positive feature to the researcher when examining and weighing up data or following a line of investigation information. And lastly, it will also explain how the knowledge and terminology can and will be relevant to a career in the criminal justice field. Research What is the meaning of research in the criminal justice world? â€Å"Studious inquiry or examination;Read MoreExpository Essay : The Criminal Justice Department1081 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 101-I November 18 2015 Expository essay on college major Introduction The Criminal Justice Department provides educational opportunities to help gain skills and knowledge in the areas of criminal delinquent process, criminology, and corrections while evaluating moral and ethical issue of public servants. As a student at Chowan University my career path is law enforcement. I stride to obtain a Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Track, B.S degree, obtaining this degree will prepare me for myRead MoreBehavioral Analysis Unit1076 Words   |  5 PagesInvestigation 12/1/2010 Behavioral Analysis Unit One of the many age old questions facing society today, is what makes a criminal suceptible to committing that particular crime; or why was that person targeted as a victim. This question has sparked many debates within the criminal justice field, which is the reason the Behavioral Science Unit was created by the Federal Bereau of Investigation. In certain cases, knowing how a criminals mind operates, will help lead an investigation in the rightRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the village. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreThe Importance Of Police Officers And Investigating Officers Gather1337 Words   |  6 Pagesscene, their conduct and effective matters the most. Initial investigation is important, but if it fails, it can cause damaging to the rest of the process including apprehension, investigation, and prosecution of offenders. I also learned that attorneys work depends on the lawful activities of the police and investigating officers. Proves and evidences that police officers and investigating officers gather is important. Criminal justice people work as a team to create a lawful and safe community.Read MoreCJUS 420 Discussion Board and topic research Instructions draft1403 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: What does criminal investigation mean to you and why is it important? Based on your opinion and your references, answer the following questions in your thread: What does criminal investigation mean to you? Criminal investigations are official law enforcement efforts to discover the facts, and information concerning a crime, why the crime was committed, and the person(s) who committed the crime. In our criminal justice system a person can be brought to justice for a criminal act. First, andRead MoreCriminology And The Scientific Study Of Crime And Criminals767 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific study of crime and criminals including its causes. It is a sub-group of sociology which is the scientific study of social behavior. Criminology uses several fields of study, including psychology, psychiatry, statistics, and anthropology. 2. What is meant by valid and reliable statistics? A valid statistic measures facts. While a reliable statistic measures consistency from one measurement to another. This means calculating the amount and trend of criminal activity based on who commits

Silent Languages and the Business Culture Adopted by an...

Silent Languages and Business Culture adopted by an International Business Organization University Name Introduction Every organization has its own business culture and silent languages that help its employees shape the organizations culture and accept its core values (Driskill Brenton, 2011). Business organizations that are engaged in international marketing express their business culture and adopt the silent languages throughout their business setups. It is imperative for organizations to institute all the essential elements of their silent languages in order to strengthen their business culture among their employees and key stakeholders (Burnes, 2007). This paper acquaints the reader with an analysis of the business culture and elements of silent languages adopted by Nestlà © one of most competitive and fastest growing business organizations in the world. The paper starts with an ample introduction to the organizations business, industry, and product lines and proceeds with explaining the different elements of its communication patterns and cultural values. Nestlà ©: Business, In dustry, and Product Lines Nestlà © is the worldwide market leader in the food and beverages industry. It produces highest quality products for the consumers of every age group. Nestlà © was established in 1866 by Mr. Henri Nestlà © in Switzerland. Now Nestlà © has expanded its business operations all around the Globe with its extremely large product range; having more than 10,000 productsShow MoreRelatedCross Culture Management6213 Words   |  25 PagesGORRETH RE: NO 099034636 CROSS CULTURE MANAGEMENT PGBM 07 (ASSIGNMENT) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................3 1. 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Of Jammu, Jammu-180006 Email:  neenaguptavij@gmail.com Phone: 9796491314   Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourism is one of the most remarkable success stories of modern times. The industry, which only began on a massive scale in the 1960’s, has grown rapidly and steadily for the past 30 years in terms of the income it generates and the number of people who travel abroad.  Tourism is theRead MoreCultural Issues of Human Resource Management4615 Words   |  19 PagesInternational Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring Vol. 5. No. 2 August, 2007 Page 45 Carrying Cultural Baggage: the contribution of socio-cultural anthropology to cross-cultural coaching Barbara St Claire-Ostwald, CINCRA International Coaching Training Consultancy, UK Email Contact: barbara@cincra.com Abstract This study examines the cultural awareness of professionals working in organisations. 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Odiwuor 2008 Global Business Strategy for Managing Marketing: the Case of Coca-Cola Company) Abstract From the Paper Innovation is certainly always part of the Coca-Cola Company and is why they advertise different styles of bottles, prints on cans, and items which do not have anything to do with a drink such as stuffed animals, T-shirts and caps. Producing different kinds of products involve technology. If a new product is planned to be launched, not only researchRead MoreCase Study Ob5865 Words   |  24 PagesUNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012 Jan 2012 TRIMESTER UBMM2023 ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR TUTORIAL QUESTIONS Tutorial 1 1. Ice-breaking session. 2. Self introduction by tutor and students. 3. Briefing on unit plan and assignments 4. Tutorial expectation and student’s participation 5. Team formation for group assignment. (approximately 5-6 members per group) 6. Explain the term OrganizationalRead MoreIndian Social Structure and Values Ethics in Business13564 Words   |  55 PagesINDIAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND VALUES ETHICS IN BUSINESS : NATURE AND TYPES OF INDIAN SOCIETY : 1) Tribal Society : The tribals are economically, educationally and politically backward as compared to the non-tribals. One scholar has called tribal people â€Å"Backward Hindus†. However there is a sizable number of Tribals who are Christian. The tribes of India before independence were considered animistic by the by religion Census authorities. Distinction was made between those who were Hindu andRead MoreHrm Practices at Infosys14494 Words   |  58 Pagesas the best employer in the country in many HR surveys in the recent years. The company is well known for its employee friendly HR practices. Though Infosys has grown to become a US $ 2 billion company by the year 2006, it has still retained the culture of a small company. Infosys attracts the best talent from across the country and recruits candidates by conducting one of the toughest selection process. Infosys was one of the first companies to offer ESOPs to its employees. The company followed

Amadeus Biopic Free Essays

Amadeus Milos Forman’s movie Amadeus produced in 1984 is both great as far as theatrics go and telling a story, but ultimately rather portrays an inaccurate depiction of Mozart’s life. Told from the flash back perspective of an aged Antonio Salieri in an insane asylum to a priest for a confession, the movie reveals Antonio’s introduction to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, his professional career with Mozart, and his bitter rivalry and betrayal of Mozart. The film depicts an inaccurate account of Mozart’s life but still delivers on the pieces which he composed. We will write a custom essay sample on Amadeus Biopic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the film, we’re exposed to what are clearly historical inaccuracies. I understand that this film is an adaptation of the original Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus performed on Broadway in the 1980’s and for purely theatrical purposes to endow the story with a plot, these changes had to either be implemented or just purely fabricated in order for the story to make sense. However, some of the erroneous interpretations of Mozart’s life are just impossible to ignore for anyone who even had even the simplest understanding of his life, such as myself. The predominant trait of Mozart that stuck out to me like a sore thumb was his high pitched cackling laughter. The movie’s laugh for Amadeus was constructed from letters that referenced Mozart having an â€Å"infectious, giddy laugh† much like â€Å"metal scraping glass† according to Forman. However, Robert L. Marshall, author of â€Å"Film as Musicology: Amadeus,† discredits this notion as there were no citations that provided the existence of such letters. Since Mozart lived over two centuries ago, there’s no possible way to know exactly how he sounded. However, the brilliant Mozart in the film is supposed to be Gods creature (The Latin translation of Amadeus translates to â€Å"lover of God† or â€Å"beloved by God†) that usurps the mediocre Salieris position as the â€Å"voice of God. † So in effect, his laugh is God mocking Salieri in his mediocrity which further drives the frustration and anger of Salieri towards Mozart thus pushing the plot along. While we’re on that subject, there is little evidence that Mozart and Salieri actually rivaled each other to the extreme that the movie depicts. Certainly, they were rivals, but they were professional rivals. By professional rivals, I mean that even though they often butted heads in their pursuit of music and their attempted publicity of their works, they still admired and respected each other greatly. Despite Salieri being the inferior musician, he still pooled great respect from Emperor Joseph II and his subjects and served as court composer, director of the Italian opera, and court conductor. Mozart on the other hand came as an outsider therefore did not possess the same influence or reputation as Salieri. To me, this just appears to be the politics of music; it’s not what you know, it’s who you know. Regardless, Salieri really didn’t have a reason to hate Mozart as much as the movie shows because his influence alone virtually neutralized Mozart as a threat. I’m sure when Mozart attempted to get his operas on the Italian stages it must have certainly irked Salieri, but never to the point of violence. However, once again the fiction is created in order to develop a sensical plot line. Without that aggressive rivalry, there’s no movie. One last thing that I personally found confusing is that absence of Joesph Haydn from the entire movie. History tells us that Mozart and Haydn met somewhere 1783 or 1784 and instantly hit it off. They both admired each other’s work immensely and Mozart even went as far as to dedicate six string quartets to Haydn as a tribute to the father of the string quartet. Throughout their lives, they were in correspondence with one another up until Mozart’s death. However, despite this documented historical fact, Haydn is still left out of the movie. The movie itself is about two famous classical composers so why not add Haydn to attract Haydn fans to the play or movie? One can only guess as to why that is. Perhaps Forman thought that the addition of another prominent classical composer would ultimately lessen the importance of the feud between Mozart and Salieri. But Forman fashioned other characters throughout the film in order to serve roles that further drove the plot, so why not use Haydn instead? Or at least mention him? At one point in the film, Mozart mentions that he doesn’t care for Gluck (which is also inaccurate, he was an admirer of Gluck), but nevertheless, he still at least mentions the name. At this point it’s all speculation and I can’t find anywhere an explanation for his absence. The movie is riddled with other inaccuracies that raise a lot of questions, but if anything I learned in English is true, it’s that in order to read any literature that’s fiction or watch any movie, you’re supposed to â€Å"suspend yourself in willful disbelief† meaning that enjoy it for what it is without dissecting it too much, which I can honestly and wholeheartedly say I did. Although it doesn’t give an accurate portrayal of Mozart, Salieri or the setting it’s supposed to be placed in, it still gives an enjoyable experience. Despite the erroneous depiction, the musical pieces revealed chronologically throughout the film are in fact the offspring of Mozart’s genius. Whilst enjoying each piece as much as the next, I don’t have the musical ear or expertise to discern which piece is being played in which scene, aside from the operas. However, the films composer John Strauss created a two disc soundtrack for the film and I have to admit, even though I lack the expertise, I am astounded by Mozart’s ability. Luckily, between the internet and my own mothers personal love for music (Fortunately, she had a library of CDs that included many of Mozart’s work), I was able to essentially find each individual piece within the movie. I have to say, my favorite musical piece offered in the movie is the finale of the Don Giovanni. Perhaps some of it is because of the twist that Salieri puts on it; that â€Å"only [he] understood that the horrifying apparition was Leopald raised from the dead! The inference that I took from that between the monumental sounding music and the fervently conducting Mozart in the scene is that Mozart poured his personal misfortune of not living up to his father’s expectations in his work. It just makes it seem to be so personal, so passionate. I know that was the movies intent for me to feel that way, but I couldn’t help getting sucked in, between seeing the gargantuan black commander singing in the deep bass voice is what seems to me to be such an accusing tone allegorically â€Å"accusing his son in front of the world† as Salieri puts it. All the while the plot twists during this play, as the madness grew within Salieri as he discovers such a simple way to destroy Mozart. It’s just so epic, for lack of better words. One of the brighter operas in the film â€Å"The Marriage of Figgaro† has a much lighter note. Despite all of the red tape Mozart endures, he nevertheless through the exceptionally brilliance of his music and borderline arrogance persuades the emperor to allow him to perform his opera. While we obviously never get to see the whole thing, the music and performance we do see is good. I wouldn’t say I particularly cared for it. The colors, the notes, the lighting, it’s just too bright. However, the most impressive part of it is that his confidence in his music allowed him to break the traditional rules in order for his perform his opera. This seems metaphorically to portray the fact that Mozart’s music didn’t follow these contemporary musical rules of the time which contributed to his genius. Perhaps that’s a long stretch, but that’s immediately what came to mind. While the movie is composed (Pun intended) of Mozart’s work, it would take an entire separate paper to dissect each one individually. Regardless, each piece performed in the play is enjoyable from one degree to another. Overall, I have to say I was more than happy with this movie. For a while, I dreaded watching the movie thinking it would be a long drawn out boring biographic film, but to my surprise it shared little characteristics with a biography. The central thematic message of the movie is mostly if not entirely fictitious, but still lays a foundation in which the movie tells factual information about Mozart and sets a stage in which one can hear the pieces and enjoy them chronologically. To be frank and honest, if these fabrications of the bitter rivalry between Salieri and Mozart weren’t there, I would have had a hard time truly appreciating the Mozart as seen in the movie. Not to say his music is bad, it’s brilliant, but the underlying plot is what made the movie so interesting. Ultimately, if you’re looking for historical facts about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, look elsewhere. If you’re looking for a movie that’s interesting and loosely based on one of the world’s greatest composers who ever lived, look no further. Biliography  ·Ã¢â‚¬ Amadeus (1984) – 10 Mistakes. † Movie Mistakes. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. .  ·Ã¢â‚¬ Amadeus. † IMDb. IMDb. com. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. .  ·Irving, John. Mozart: The â€Å"Haydn† Quartets. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.  ·Ã¢â‚¬ Who Killed Amadeus? † Suite101. com. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. . How to cite Amadeus Biopic, Essay examples

Digital Innovations

Question: Discuss about the Digital Innovations. Answer: Introduction: Digital innovations is a tool which works with existing business models mostly in conjunction with a new user value proposition or a customer with the achievements reached through the leveraging of digital tools. Usually, the digital component is a strategy and tactic used in business where it can be advantaged over other businesses. The digital innovations are implemented for purposes of responding to user needs which have not yet been met and for purposes of strong provision of customer value proposition. The organization at large is advantaged in that the existing business model is improved by making use of digital tools. Information technology and its advancements are the largest drivers of digital innovation and the digital migration of systems (Prim, 2013). Consortium Inc. is an organization which deals in online selling of products, mostly electronic however they sell a wide array of items. Over the years they have been able to establish their market within several countries globally and have gained recognition for their efficiency in provision of customers with the goods and services they need. However, due to changing times especially with the invention and implementation of digital technologies in businesses they have been forced to make a move so that they can keep up with the emerging trend in the market. Due to the nature of their business, customer relations as well as security of customer data is essential for them to thrive therefore they need to identify digital innovations which facilitate for such. In order to reach their goals, they will require to implement a cloud based system to manage, keep track of and store customer transactions as well as a social media system where employees can interact with clients almost instant aneously when they send a message through their social media platforms. A well laid out SWOT analysis needs to be laid out by an organization before they implement digital innovations so that there are possibilities of a full analysis to be carried out. The importance of this is for them to identify the pros and cons of the system alongside their expectations and come up with strategies on how to handle the flaws to gain competitive advantage. The organization therefore needs to identify their inner strengths as well as how they can be improved with the use of digital innovations. Consortium Inc. is advantaged in the market since they already have a large customer base however they need to expand in order to increase their profitable margin. They also need to identify external opportunities which could arise from them implementing technological advances as well as threats and plan out strategies of how to counter the effects. The biggest threat they face is data security when customers make purchases and they need to ensure that the data is decrypted and inaccessible to people who might want to steal such critical data to perform cybercrimes. The organization needs to create a strategy for the identified possible risks against the system as well as counter measures and they should periodically carry out system audits and surveys to identify any possible threats that might not have been identified in previous audits. Doing this periodically ensures robustness of the system and at the same time it guarantees protection against external threats (OLoughlin, 2011). Consortium Inc. plans to incorporate a cloud system for data back up and increased security as well as reduction in operational costs. A cloud based system eliminates the need to purchase expensive software and hardware for installation and storage of data and systems by offering customers a platform where they can purchase storage and lease hardware and software at a reasonable price monthly, annually, biannually, perennially or as per service provider - customer agreement. A cloud based system allows for easy access of data and localization since data can be accessed from any location provided the user has appropriate credentials as well as an internet connection. The company succeeds in implementation of data security with the costs incurred being significantly low with the cloud based system in place. The stored data on cloud systems can be easily and securely backed up and stored as compared to databases which are in a physical location where they are at risk of vandalism, fire and other damages which could lead to loss of data. This system being put in place will help the company in realization of an increase in productivity and great reductions in operational and other running costs. This would be due to elimination of the need for powerful and expensive devices to be bought to facilitate for communication and storage of data. Aside a cloud system, the company has plans to implement social media software for easier interaction of customers and to improve quality of services offered. Most leading businesses have established social media platforms as channels where they are able to communicate with clients instantly and solve problems as well as receive and give feedback regarding quality of service and other criteria. With the organization being able to relate with its customers on social media platforms where responses are quicker, use less resources and in real time then there are increased chances of customer service and overall customer satisfaction. This advancement in technology is bound to give Consortium Inc. and advantage over their opponents since aside their recognition in most countries, them making implementations in technology in their operations is bound to boost their performance as well as increased awareness by the masses. Customers are more secure knowing that their confidential data is stored securely and that there are minimalistic chances of any interference occurring. Also, customers are assured of quality of service and reliability of the digital innovations being a backbone to supporting users and clients Conclusion Consortium Inc. with an online transaction processing that is well implemented where customer data is securely stored in an encrypted database as well as social media systems which give them increased interactivity with their clients are bound to help the company thrive and achieve overall success with comparisons to previous years. Also, because of the merits offered by the digital innovations, customers are more prone to rely on them as compared to other companies not offering the same advantages as well as the company increasing its market share. There is need however for the company to carry out periodic audits on the systems so that they can identify loopholes which could spell doom for the company and develop strategies to prevent catastrophes from occurring. References Anderson, C. D. 2002. U.S. Patent No. 6, 463, 026. Washington, DC. US Patent and Trademark Office Kressel, H. 2007. Competing for the future: How Digital Innovations are changing the world. Cambridge University Press. OLoughlin, B. 2011. The Political implications of digital innovations: Trade-offs of democracy and liberty in the developed world. Information, Communication Society, 4(4), 595-614 Fullan, M. Donelly, K. 2013. Alive in the swamp: Assesing digital innovations in education. London.: Nesta. Prim, C. 2013. Emerging technologies, emerging minds: digital innovations within the primary sector. Innovations in learning technologies foe English language teaching. Lodnon British Council, 20-42

Bipolar Disorder Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Depression

Bipolar Disorder The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of people suffering from the it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its' victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psycomoter retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It is presented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, in concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation (Weisman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders (Lish, 1994). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld, 1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are "addicted" to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifests sometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that makes them feel like they "could jump out of their skin"(Hirschfeld, 1995). Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may

The divine command theory essays

The divine command theory essays The Divine Command Theory can be a hot topic for some people to discuss in the field of philosophy. The Divine Command Theory states that an act is permissible or obligatory if and only if that act is allowed or commanded by God. (Class notes 1/12/05) To believe in this theory is to believe that God is good in everything he commands and wills a person to do. This theory though has a few holes that can cause controversy and debate among philosophers, such as the question Socrates expresses in the Euthyphro, Are morally good acts willed by God because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by God? (Plato: Euthyphro) I believe that all acts that are willed by God are good and have bigger purpose than humans are willing to believe. God is the creator of the universe and all that is good and pure; it is in his nature to do good things. God created and blessed all people with a unique creaturely calling. (Genesis 1:26) If one is to believe in the Divine Command Theory, then one must believe that God has nothing but the purest and best intentions. When God created humans, they were as pure as the driven snow, but when the Fall of Humanity happened, sin was introduced to man. The Fall of Humanity means that we cannot know Gods truth and ways by reason or any means other than a personal revelation. So, in order to understand Gods will, we must trust in Gods commands. Even though we may not be able to understand why he commands or wills some things. There are many arguments that hold true to the Divine Command Theory, such as the Abraham argument. This argument states that if the Divine Command Theory is correct, then no matter what God were to will, it would be morally required. (http://courses.washington.edu/phil332) This is evident in the bible with the story of Abraham, in this story, God commands Abraham to kill his one and only son Issa ...

Applying the five stages of grief to a case study of a 83 year old Term Paper

Applying the five stages of grief to a case study of a 83 year old woman - Term Paper Example Grief is a difficult issue at any time in a person’s life, but when the adult is older, there tends to be other challenges that happen because of their age. As an example, many older people will lose spouses, friends, and family as they age. This often forces them to think about their own longevity and they may be met with physical, emotional, and psychological crises (Gibson, 2012). Just as anyone else, elderly people have to adjust to the individual’s death and understand that their life goes on. Brief Background of Case Study The case study for this paper is an 83 year old woman who will be referred to as Mrs. X. Mrs. X has lost many people in her life. The first person she lost was her husband. In some respects, the husband’s death was more of a relief because of his constant fighting with Mrs. X. Mrs. X was left with a house payment, taking care of the house, and finding benefits she could use to sustain her home. Mrs. X was able to pay off her house eventua lly, and since her husband’s death, several friends and close family members have died. Mrs. X has never really dealt with any of these situations and she never attends their funerals because she does not like to see people in their coffin; she says this makes it feel too real for her own death. Mrs. X currently lives in a small town with her middle child, a daughter, whom she has a passive aggressive relationship with – the daughter takes her to doctors’ appointments and shopping, but basically Mrs. X is left at home to sit and watch television. Mrs. X has pretty much ignored grieving for any of these people, except for her oldest sister who died last year. Mrs. X still thinks of her sister because she was the last person that Mrs. X had to talk to in her family. In exploring the stages of grief, the stages will be applied to what might have happened if Mrs. X had allowed herself to grieve her friends and family. The Five Stages of Grief Kubler-Ross (2013) crea ted a model that explains the various stages that people go through to come to terms with grief. Although Kubler-Ross applied these stages to death, these stages can also be used to understand any type of loss a person moves through. Although she has arranged the stages in a certain way, she acknowledged that each person’s grief is different, and each person may go through the stages in different ways; in fact, they may also go through the stages in more than one way. In the next section, the five stages that Kubler-Ross created will be discussed and applied to Mrs. X. Stage 1: Denial Denial is the first stage of grief in which the individual denies that the individual has died. Kubler-Ross (2013) states that this is a natural part of grief because the individual often dies unexpectedly. Some people can become stuck in this stage when the grief is particularly traumatic. Mrs. X has been in this stage, particularly with her sister. She often states, â€Å"I just can’t believe she’s gone†. She also talks about wanting to call her for her birthday and so forth, and then remembers she is dead and calls. Mrs. X has had the most difficult time adjusting to her sister’s death. Gibson (2012) states that for older people, the idea of their loved one dying is known, but it can take time to be realized. Gibson points out that when two people have been in a relationship for a very long time, when one part of the relationship dies. The one who did not die (in this case Mrs. X) may feel more vulnerable in their functioning and emotionally. Perhaps this is one reason that Mrs. X is content to watch television instead of going on with her life. Stage 2: Anger Many people become angry when someone the love dies. They can be upset with themselves for not doing what they could have done, or they can be mad at God for taking their loved ones. Often, the individual may lash out at family members or friends

The Third Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Third Cinema - Essay Example The Third Cinema It was a reaction against making films the objects of commerce than art. It was a reaction to big commercial internationalism influencing the national cinemas. It was a movement against the cultural and political hegemony of the American commercial cinema over the subjugated under developed economies. Historically it was the continuation of a resistance to the dominance of the Hollywood’s commercialization of cinema and its duplication of products called national cinema in underdeveloped countries. Cinema is an art that developed from man’s incorrigible wish to record the movement and the moving objects, as it was the moving objects that interested him and not static ones. So the first film show, the Lumier Show was just a shot of a train coming into the railway platform. The viewers were not sure whether what they were seeing on the screen was real or myth. They were afraid that the train would come forward towards them and hence many were reported to have sat back on their chairs scared. This make-belief quality is the charm of cinema. On one side cinema is documenting reality, the reality of the train coming to the platform, here in the Lumier show. On the other hand cinema is making the viewer believe that the train coming towards him is real, making the unreal look real. These two qualities of Cinema led to the division of cinema into documentaries and feature films. (According to Ingmar Bergman â€Å"When film is not a document it is a dream†Ã¢â‚¬â€The Magic Lantern Page73).

Creating Your Dream Job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creating Your Dream Job - Assignment Example With individuals with special education needs, such multidisciplinary/ multi-agency working becomes advantageous because the collaboration among professionals directly focus on the needs of the individual. To avoid conflicts between the professionals in a multidisciplinary setting, it is essential to have a key person to coordinate each one and ensure that target goals for the individual with special needs be met. In the United Kingdom, this person has the title of the Special Education Needs Coordinator (SENCO) (SENCO, 1997). In other countries, this title is also known as a case manager or simply a social worker assigned to the case. Hughes & Rycus (1998) explain that when an individual with a learning disability avails of multi-agency services, a social worker helps him source the services he needs for his disability in the medical and educational systems. Communication and cooperation among various professionals and agencies ensue in addressing the individual’s needs. Join t work by representatives of different agencies has been proven to accelerate the progress of interventions of young people with learning disabilities and ultimately contribute much to their well-being. Educators, therapists, psychologists, speech pathologists, physicians, social workers and even government officials join hands in the care and education of these young people to ensure their optimum growth and development. The ideal SENCO worker needs to have a college degree in Special Education, Social Work or Psychology so that he or she is knowledgeable with the needs of the clients who have special education needs. The SENCO should also be adept in networking and collaboration skills, since he or she will engage in interpersonal interactions with people from various disciplines. Good communication skills is a must. The SENCO has the following job description: Contacts prospective professionals to be part of the Multidisciplinary Team Screens and hires therapists Meet with team m embers individually and as a team, if necessary Communicates and coordinates with each member about the programs they are doing with the client Organizes schedules of both the client and the various professionals working with him Collects and collates reports from each team member Evaluates performance of each team member Organizes team management conferences Furnish general report about client’s progress 2. Design a compensation and benefits package related to your dream job. Every worker dreams of having a salary that is fair and compensable for all his efforts. It is logical and acceptable to receive a salary that is commensurate to the tasks involved in one’s job. As a SENCO, salary considerations should include the skills necessary for the individual to carry out the aforementioned tasks and that would be both professional and personal skills. The salary is not the only compensation sought by workers. A good compensation and benefits package specifically for a SEN CO could include the following: Reasonable remuneration Social security Medical Insurance Travel allowance Sponsorship to Training Seminar-Workshop/ Conferences Sick and Vacation Leaves Option for flexi-time Option for tele-commuting especially with coordination and clerical tasks Provision of gadgets and other equipment for easy communication and coordination (ex. Laptop, tablet computer, mobile phone, internet connection)

Introduction To Microsoft Word Computer Science Essay

Introduction To Microsoft Word Computer Science Essay Microsoft Word is a non-free commercial word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh (1984), the ATT Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1986), and Microsoft Windows (1989). It is a component of the Microsoft Office system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included in Microsoft Works Suite. The current versions are Microsoft Word 2010 for Windows and 2011 for Mac. HISTORY In 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC. Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, who became the primary software engineer. Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix and MS-DOS in 1983. Its name was soon simplified to Microsoft Word. Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it the first program to be distributed on-disk with a magazine. Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse, and it was able to display some formatting, such as bold, italic, and underlined text, although it could not render fonts. It was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordPerfect. However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the next six years. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to the Macintosh. This was made easier by the fact that Word for DOS has been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac added true features. After its release, Word for Macs sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years. The second release of Word for Macintosh, shipped in 1987, was named Word 3.0 to synchronize its version number with Word for DOS; this was Microsofts first attempt to synchronize version numbers across platforms. Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format (RTF) specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, which was mailed free to all registered users of 3.0. After MacWrite, Word for Mac never had any serious rivals on the Mac. Word 5.1 for the Macintosh, released in 1992, was a very popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use and feature set. Many users say its the best version of Word for Mac ever created. In 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Apple Macintosh and was never updated. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989. With the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers. In 1991, Microsoft capitalized on Word for Windows increasing popularity by releasing a version of Word for DOS, version 5.5, that replaced its unique user interface with an interface similar to a Windows application. When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free. As of November 2010, it is still available for download from Microsofts web site. In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up. Both the Windows and Mac versions would start from the same code base. It was abandoned when it was determined that it would take the development team too long to rewrite and then catch up with all the new capabilities that could have been added in the same time without a rewrite. Instead, the next versions of Word for Windows and Mac, dubbed version 6.0, both started from the code base of Word for Windows 2.0. With the release of Word 6.0 in 1993, Microsoft again attempted to synchronize the version numbers and coordinate product naming across platforms, this time across DOS, Macintosh, and Windows (this was the last version of Word for DOS). It introduced AutoCorrect, which automatically fixed certain typing errors, and AutoFormat, which could reformat many parts of a document at once. While the Windows version received favorable reviews the Macintosh version was widely derided. Many accused it of being slow, clumsy and memory intensive, and its user interface differed significantly from Word. In response to user requests, Microsoft was forced to offer Word 5 again, after it had been discontinued. Subsequent versions of Word for Macintosh are no longer ported versions of Word for Windows. MICROSOFT WORD 2007 Word 95 for Windows was the first 32-bit version of the product, released with Office 95 around the same time as Windows 95. It was a straightforward port of Word 6.0 and it introduced few new features, one of them being red-squiggle underlined spell-checking. Starting with Word 95, releases of Word were named after the year of its release, instead of its version number. Word 2010 allows more customization of the Ribbon, adds a Backstage view for file management, has improved document navigation, allows creation and embedding of screenshots, and integrates with world web application. WORD FOR MAC 2008 ICON In 1997, Microsoft formed the Macintosh Business Unit as an independent group within Microsoft focused on writing software for the Mac. Its first version of Word, Word 98, was released with Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Document compatibility reached parity with Word 97, and it included features from Word 97 for Windows, including spell and grammar checking with squiggles. Users could choose the menus and keyboard shortcuts to be similar to either Word 97 for Windows or Word 5 for Mac. Unfortunately, Word on the Mac in this and later releases also became vulnerable to future macro viruses that could compromise Word (and Excel) documents. Word 2001, released in 2000, added a few new features, including the Office Clipboard, which allowed users to copy and paste multiple items. It was the last version to run on classic Mac OS and, on Mac OS X, it could only run within the Classic Environment. Word X, released in 2001, was the first version to run natively on, and required, Mac OS X, and introduced non-contiguous text selection. Word 2004 was released in May 2004. It included a new Notebook Layout view for taking notes either by typing or by voice. Other features, such as tracking changes, were made more similar with Office for Windows. Microsoft released patches through the years to eliminate most known macro vulnerabilities from this version. Word 2008, released on January 15, 2008, included a Ribbon-like feature, called the Elements Gallery, that can be used to select page layouts and insert custom diagrams and images. It also included a new view focused on publishing layout, integrated bibliography management, and native support for the new Office Open XML format. It was the first version to run natively on Intel-based Macs. Word 2011, released in October 2010, replaced the Elements Gallery in favor of a Ribbon user interface that is much more similar to Office for Windows, and includes a full-screen mode that allows users to focus on reading and writing documents, and support for Office Web Application. Microsoft Words native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension. Although the document extension has been used in many different versions of Word, it actually encompasses four distinct file formats: Word for DOS Word for Windows 1 and 2; Word 4 and 5 for Mac Word 6 and Word 95 for Windows; Word 6 for Mac Word 97, 2000, 2002 and 2003 for Windows; Word 98, 2001, X, and 2004 for Mac The newer .docx extension signifies the Office Open XML international standardfor Office documents and is used by Word 2007 for Windows, Word 2008 for the Macintosh, as well as by a growing number of applications from other vendors, including OpenOffice.org Writer, an open source word processing program. Microsoft does not guarantee the correct display of the document on different workstations, even if the two workstations use the same version of Microsoft Word, primarily due to page layout depending on the current printer. This means it is possible the document the recipient sees might not be exactly the same as the document the sender sees. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the default Word document format became a de facto standard of document file formats for Microsoft Office users. Though usually just referred to as Word Document Format, this term refers primarily to the range of formats used by default in Word version 97-2003. Word document files by using the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format implement Object Linking and Embedding structured storage to manage the structure of their file format. OLE behaves rather like a conventional hard drive file system and is made up of several key components. Each Word document is composed of so-called big blocks which are almost always 512-byte chunks; hence a Word documents file size will in most cases be a multiple of 512. Storages are analogues of the directory on a disk drive, and point to other storages or streams which are similar to files on a disk. The text in a Word document is always contained in the WordDocument stream. The first big block in a Word document, known as the header block, provides important information as to the location of the major data structures in the document. Property storages provide metadata about the storages and streams in a doc file, such as where it begins and its name and so forth. The File information block contains information about where the text in a Word document starts, ends, what version of Word created the document and other attributes. Microsoft has published specifications for the Word 97-2003 Binary File Format. Word 2007 and 2010 continue to support the DOC file format, although it is no longer the default. The XML format introduced in Word 2003 was a simple, XML based format called WordprocessingML. Word 2007 introduced a new XML-based file format called Office Open XML. The version of OOXML that Word 2007 supports is the ECMA-376 standard, published by Ecma International. After the release of Office 2007, underwent another round of standardization under the International Organization for Standardization . The standard, has two variants. A Transitional variant is intended for legacy compatibility and is not supposed to be used to produce new documents. A Strict variant is based on ISOs revisions and improvements to the ECMA standard. Word 2010 supports reading and writing Transitional documents but only reading Strict documents. This caused consternation among members of the ISO Office Open XML subcommittee, who claimed that Microsoft was only paying lip service to the standards process. In response, Microsoft says that the Strict schema will be fully supported no later than Office 15, the next major version after Office 2010. In August 2009, Canadian firm issued Microsoft before the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas for infringing on a software involving custom XML in a document.In December 2009, the judgment of the district court was affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. An injunction was issued that bans Microsoft from selling copies of Word with the code that infringes on the patent after January 11, 2010. Several days after the court ruling, Microsoft released a mandatory patch that brings the software into compliance with the courts decision. In November 2010 the US supreme court agreed to hear an appeal by Microsoft. Opening a Word Document file in a version of Word other than the one with which it was created can cause incorrect display of the document. The document formats of the various versions change in subtle and phenomenon to the base standard. Formatting created in newer versions does not always survive when viewed in older versions of the program, nearly always because that capability does not exist in the previous version. Rich Text Format, an early effort to create a format for interchanging formatted text between applications is an optional format for Word, that retains most formatting and all content of the original document. Later, after HTML appeared, Word supported an HTML derivative as an additional full-fidelity roundtrip format similar to RTF, with the additional capability that the file could be viewed in a web browser. In February 2007, Sun released an initial version of its ODF plugin for Microsoft Office.Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.Microsoft Word 2007 supports PDF and XPS formats, but only after manual installation of the Microsoft Word has a built-in spell checker, thesaurus, dictionary, Office Assistant and utilities for transferring, copy, pasting and editing text, such as PureText. WordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a title, watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing, shadowing, rotating, stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and even including three-dimensional effects, starting at version 2007, and prevalent in Office 2010. Users can apply formatting effects such as shadow, bevel, glow, and reflection to their document text as easily as applying bold or underline. Users can also spell-check text that uses visual effects, and add text effects to paragraph styles. Like other Microsoft Office documents, Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. The language was originally WordBasic, but changed to Visual Basic for Applications as of Word 97. This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. The tendency for people to exchange Word documents via email, USB flash drives, and floppy disks made this an especially attractive vector in 1999. A prominent example was the Melissa worm, but countless others have existed in the wild. Nearly all anti-virus software can detect and clean common macro viruses.. These macro viruses were the only known cross-platform threats between Windows and Macintosh computers and they were the only infection vectors to affect any system in 2007. Microsoft released patches for Word X and Word 2004 that effectively eliminated the macro problem on the Mac by 2006. Words macro security setting, which regulates when macros may execute, can be adjusted by the user, but in the most recent versions of Word, is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk from macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon The program was unable to handle ligatures defined in TrueType fonts those ligature glyphs with Unicode codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spell checking, while custom ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Since Word 2010, the program now has advanced typesetting features which can be enabled: OpenType ligatures, kerning, and hyphenation. Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed. Similarly, combining diacritics are handled poorly: Word 2003 has improved support, but many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a precomposed glyph is present in the font. Additionally, as of Word 2002, Word does automatic font substitution when it finds a character in a document that does not exist in the font specified. It is impossible to deactivate this, making it very difficult to spot when a glyph used is missing from the font in use. If Mirror margins or Different odd and even are enabled, Word will not allow the user to freshly begin page numbering an even page after a section break. Instead it inserts a mandatory blank page which cannot be removed. In Word 2004 for Macintosh, support of complex scripts was inferior even to Word 97, and Word 2004 does not support Apple Advanced Typography features like ligatures or glyph variants. Word has extensive list bullets and numbering feature used for tables, list, pages, chapters, headers, footnotes, and tables of content. Bullets and numbering can be applied directly or using a button or by applying a style or through use of a template. Some problems with numbering have been found in Word 97-2003. An example is Words system for restarting numbering.The Bullets and Numbering system has been significantly overhauled for Office 2007, which is intended to reduce the severity of these problems. For example, Office 2007 cannot align tabs for multi-leveled numbered lists. Often, items in a list will be inexplicably separated from their list number by one to three tabs, rendering outlines unreadable. These problems cannot be resolved even by expert users. Even basic dragging and dropping of words is usually impossible. Bullet and numbering problems in Word include: bullet characters are often changed and altered, indentation is changed within the same list, bullet point or n umber sequence can belong to an entirely different nest within the same sequence. Users can also create tables in MS Word. Depending on the version, Word can perform simple calculations. Formulas are supported as well. As mentioned in Creating Tables, MS Word supports the use of formulas. To The formula function is on the ribbon in the Data section. Click on the Formula icon to open the Formula Dialog box. At the top of the Formula box is a place to enter a formula. Formulas use a similar convention as that used in Excel. Cell references use the reference style. Formulas are written using cell references Word tables dont display column and row, the address must be determined by counting the number of columns and rows. For example, cell appears three columns from the left and four rows down. Once cell addresses are known the formula can be written. Optional Microsoft Word in program called Formula Builder provides cell references in a number of different ways so the user doesnt have to determine it by counting columns and rows. For example, cell references may be added to a formula by double-clicking the cell. As an alternative to using actual cell references as the arguments in the formula, you can use instead which adds a range of cells. There are limitations to this method. The cells in the range must not be empty and they must contain numeric values otherwise the calculation will not include the entire range expected. Another problem is that doesnt recognize negative numbers when the number is surrounded by parenthesis and as a result does not calculate correctly. Word also adds the heading row if it contains a numeric value provided the cells in the range are contiguous and all contain values. AutoSummarize highlights passages or phrases that it considers valuable. The amount of text to be retained can be specified by the user as a percentage of the current amount of text. According to Ron Fein of the Word 97 team, Auto Summarize cuts wordy copy to the bone by counting words and ranking sentences. First, AutoSummarize identifies the most common words in the document and assigns each word the more frequently a word is used, the higher the score. Then, each sentence by adding the scores of its words and dividing the sum by the number of words in the sentence the higher the average, the higher the rank of the sentence. Its like the ratio of wheat to chaff explains Fein. CONCLUSION To conclude with ms office one of the main set up which busy people are using todays world. Microsoft Word is a non-free commercial word processor designed by Microsoft.

Working and Poor Essay -- essays research papers

It’s difficult to imagine how some people hold multiple jobs to support their family and still live below the poverty line. The saying â€Å"the rich gets richer and the poor get poorer† has never been so evident in today’s society. With a growing percentage of people living below the poverty line, one has to question the government policies enacted to elevate the living standings for its people. Government policies great influence the everyday life of its people. It is difficult to enact common ground policies to satisfy the entire public since not everyone is on same financial level. Strategic plans should be sought out to ensure effectiveness to its targeted group by considering all the interests of the stakeholders and the impact that will affect these stakeholder groups. According to the free market theory, the government ultimately has the social responsibility to its public. The important task the government must face is to maximize the benefit at a minimized cost. It must approve and implement laws that benefit overall society while adhering strictly to its budget constraints. The underlying concept of the â€Å"good will prevail† is also prevalent in its policy effectiveness. Good implementations to benefit society will stay and the benefit will multiply with time. Bad policies will be questioned, debated, and eventually thrown out. The invisible hand will always bring the market back to equilibrium. The issues on employment greatly reflect a utilitarian view. Utilitarianism is often used to determine the conflict of interest. Often times the employer and the employees will encounter conflict of interests. Which side will ultimately come out on top depends on which side is perceived as the greatest and whether it will generate the greatest bottom line value or the greatest societal gain. The conflict of interest is utterly apparent in a layoff, where the employers are doing so to maximize profit and minimize cost by outsourcing all of its jobs overseas. The stakeholder, employees, suffers greatly from such an act. Utilitarianism often stresses the importance of increased productivity and profit, and reducing cost while improving quality. Many people lose sight of the true benefit or damage in the long run. The only consideration was the short term gain and profit. It is not surprising that families living under the poverty line often hold some of the mo... ...ic’s living conditions, while the general public has duties to cooperate and carry out functions to ensure the success of these policies. Universal moral norms such as honesty, fairness, compassion, integrity, etc., are often expected between the stakeholders. The government and the companies must assess environmental scanning and fully evaluate issues management to ensure the public and its employees are protected, while the policy serves its underlying purpose. It is a depressing realization that some people work very hard to support those around them and never get the benefits they deserve. Tax, education, and health care policies are often working against those who are less unfortunate. It is apparent that the poor keep on trailing further and further behind. It’s not surprising to learn that the policies enacted today haven’t proven as effective as originally intended. Everyday is a learning process and ongoing improvements must be made, especially in this fast paced, ever-changing environment. Poverty will never be eradicated, but with thorough analysis and evaluation, the overall living standard can be improved for many who are counting on the government to help them.

The Life and Survival Made by the Nile

Egypt, one of the world’s greatest and longest surviving civilizations, all came to be by one thing, the Nile River. Ancient Egypt started in about 5,000 years ago, and lasted about 3000 years. The resource that helped structure the Ancient Egypt through that time was the Nile River. An ideal to wonder about is: In what ways did the Nile River shape (change) Ancient Egypt’s society? From the info obtained, it explains that the Nile River shaped Ancient Egypt’s society though religion, transportation, and geography. There are multiple ways the Nile helped within religion. Stated in document D, people believed that when they died, the Nile would go with them. In Document E, people were so happy of the flood that happened; almost all Egyptians believed the Nile was a gift to them from the gods. Due to people wishing the Nile will be with them forever and everybody worshiping it, the Nile resided deeply in Egypt’s religion. Along with religion, the Nile affected transportation to other areas as well. That was one of the only ways to get though the area. Document C tells about how movement worked using the Nile’s currents, and Document D visualized the way of currents and irrigation canals as borders. Document A also visualized the whole Nile in Egypt, showing that there was only one way of trade. Because of the Nile the only way around using currents and a way of irrigation, it seems that the Nile is very valuable in transportation. Another pretty important area to think about happens to be agriculture. With agriculture, you would be able to survive. With document A, the Nile showed that most cities were near water. Document B explained the seasons of agriculture caused by the Nile and Document E praised those seasons for food and good health (no famine). From what is seen with most Egyptians living near water and seasons used to tell about floods that allowed plants to grow, the Nile was vital for survival in Egypt. From what all info looks like, the Nile created survival for the Egyptians. People believed it was a god due to the Nile feeding them. The Nile was the only way to get around and trade. Also, the Nile brought in fertile soil for agriculture to happen. From all of these ideals combined together, it’s easy to say that the Nile helped create Egypt’s society and helped it survive.

Leopard Facts

Leopard Facts Leopards (Panthera pardus) are one of five species of the big cat genus Panthera, a group that also includes tigers, lions, and jaguars. These beautiful carnivores are the subject of movies, legends, and folk tales, and are common in captivity. There are nine official subspecies of leopards, as well as several proposed sub-species. Leopards are considered to be vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered animals in different areas of their range, which includes portions of African and Asia. Fast Facts: Leopards Scientific Name: Panthera pardusCommon Name(s): Leopard, pard,  pardus, pantherBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 22–22 inches tall, 35–75  inches longWeight: 82–200 poundsLifespan: 21–23 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  Africa and AsiaConservation  Status:  Endangered or Near Threatened depending on location Description The base color of the leopards coat is cream-yellow on the belly and it darkens slightly to an orange-brown on the back. A dappling of solid black spots is present on the leopards limbs and head. These spots form circular rosette patterns that are golden or umber in color at the center. The rosettes are most prominent on the jaguars back and flanks. Spots on the leopards neck, belly, and limbs are smaller and do not form rosettes. The leopards tail has irregular patches that, at the tip of the tail, become dark-ringed bands. Leopards exhibit a range of color and pattern variations. Like many species of cats, leopards sometimes exhibit melanism, a genetic mutation that causes the skin and fur of the animal to contain large amounts of the dark pigment called melanin. Melanistic leopards are also known as black leopards. These leopards were once thought to be a separate species from non-melanistic leopards. Upon close inspection, it becomes apparent that the background coat color is dark but the rosettes and spots are still present, just obscured by the darker undercoat. Leopards living in desert areas tend to be paler yellow in color than those that live in grasslands. Leopards inhabiting grasslands are a deeper golden color. Leopards have shorter legs than many other species of big cats. Their body is long and they have a relatively large skull. Leopards are similar to jaguars in appearance but their rosettes are smaller and lack a black spot in the center of the rosette. Full grown leopards can weigh between 82 and 200 pounds. The lifespan of a leopard is between 12 and 17 years. Rudi Hulshof/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The geographical range of leopards is among the most widespread of all the big cat species. They inhabit the grasslands and deserts of Sub-Saharan Africa including West, Central, South and East Africa as well as South East Asia. Their range does not overlap with jaguars, which are native to Central and South America. Diet and Behavior Leopards are carnivores, but their diet is among the widest of all the cat species. Leopards feed primarily on large prey species such as ungulates. They also feed on monkeys, insects, birds, small mammals, and reptiles. The diet of leopards varies based on their location. In Asia, their prey includes antelopes, chitals, muntjacs, and ibex. Leopards hunt mainly during the night and are skilled at climbing and often carry their prey into trees where they feed or hide their catch for later use. By feeding in trees, leopards avoid being disturbed by scavengers such as jackals and hyenas. When a leopard captures large prey, it can sustain them for as long as two weeks. Anup Shah/Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Leopards have multiple mates and reproduce year-round; females attract potential mates by excreting pheromones. Females give birth to two to four cubs after a gestation period of about 96 days and usually produce a litter every 15 to 24 months. Leopard cubs are tiny (about two pounds at birth) and spend their first week of life with their eyes closed. Cub learn to walk at about 2 weeks old, leave the den at about 7 weeks, and are weaned by three months. They are independent by the age of 20 months, though siblings may stay together for several years and young leopards often stay in the area where they were born. Dietmar Willuhn/Getty Images Conservation Status Leopards are more numerous than any of the other great cats, but, according to the Animal Diversity Web, Leopards are declining in parts of their geographic range due to habitat loss and fragmentation and hunting for trade and pest control. As a result, leopards are listed as near threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Efforts are underway to protect most of their range in West Africa, but numbers are still shrinking; five of the nine subspecies of leopard are now considered to be endangered or critically endangered: Panthera pardus nimr  - Arabian leopard (CR Critically Endangered)Panthera pardus saxicolor  - Persian leopard (EN Endangered)Panthera pardus melas  - Javan leopard (CR Critically Endangered)Panthera pardus kotiya  - Sri Lankan leopard (EN Endangered)Panthera pardus japonensis  - North Chinese leopard (EN Endangered)Panthera pardus orientalis  - Amur leopard (CR Critically Endangered) Sources Burnie D, Wilson DE. 2001. Animal. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 624.Guggisberg C. 1975. Wild Cats of the World. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company.Hunt, Ashley. â€Å"Panthera Pardus (Leopard).†Ã‚  Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Panthera_pardus/.

How to find out your most annoying workplace habits

How to find out your most annoying workplace habits The office is like a second home. It’s the place where you spend 8-10+ hours daily with the same people around you. Being around the same group of people for that many hours you tend to find out what their most annoying habits are. Whether it is the loud girl that is always talking about how fab her life is or the guy across the room who is always bringing in the tuna sandwich; we all know their habits that makes us cringe. But have we ever stopped to consider just as other people’s habits may get under their skin; we just might have the same effect on them? Do you know what your most annoying workplace habit is?This quiz is perfect to help you figure it out; then you can work on stopping it immediately.  Ã‚  Source [PlayBuzz]

Why There Should Be a Drastic Reform to the Public Education System Essay

Why There Should Be a Drastic Reform to the Public Education System - Essay Example Drastic reforms in the education system would help improve the quality of school education. In this context, school education can be defined as a laborious means of learning. This notion is justified by the articles ‘Against School’ and ‘Learning to Read’ that illustrate the poor state of school education in modern society. School education is illustrated as a poor way of educating individuals, because the tedious aspect of learning does not serve to accomplish the objective of learning as an enjoyable concept, but rather a factor that must be executed to make citizens become literate. Lawrence W. Reedla in his essay â€Å"A new Direction for Education Reform†, argues that a new exciting direction will offer great success to the education system. Education is an instrument of the societal social order and so when the society changes, even education and its approach also need to change. Education roots penetrate deep into many aspects of the society an d are subject to a number of forces, including political those that sometimes threaten the performance of the sector. Despite the significance of education, public education has been neglected and faces many problems and thus needs drastic reforms to change the system. This paper looks at some of these problems which call for drastic change in the public education system. ... to provide tools that can be used to improve education system in all public schools and provide equal resources and funding for all institutions to improve performance of public schools in all regions of the country. The articles ‘Against School’ and ‘Learning to Read’ contrast in terms of the content and ideologies posed in each. The first article, ‘Against School’, illustrates how school is a tool that is formulated to fulfill an objective, rather than create a concept that is essential, as well as enjoyable, for students. It also provides evidence why school education can be labeled as a poor educational system. ‘Against school’ provides the aspect of the problems that ails the school system and its effects on students which is usually poor performance. A change is thus needed in the public education system to find ways or ways of teaching that can encourage students to get involved in the earning process by developing interest t hrough enjoyment. The article is ‘Boredom is a common condition for schoolteachers’; this paper demonstrates a major problem with school education (167). The methods used to teach are tedious and can affect how individuals will learn concepts and ideologies that relate to various topics and subjects. This highlights that teacher get tired of teaching, and from time to time, they are unable to teach students in accordance to expectations. It brings the idea of taking children to school into question, because they do not normally enjoy their experience in school. Students are more likely to resent school, and hate education in general. (170). Learning to read by Malcolm X illustrates that if learning is implemented under the right conditions, it can be an enjoyable experience referring to the feeling he got when learning in

The EU Single Market Programme and Monetary Union Essay

The EU Single Market Programme and Monetary Union - Essay Example This case has been of much interest in economics and one of the concepts that were studied is the hold-up problem. In more precise terms, the hold up problem is a term used in economics to describe a situation where two parties (such as a supplier and a manufacturer) may be able to work most efficiently by cooperating, but refrain from doing so due to concerns that they may give the other party increased bargaining power, and thereby reduce their own profits1. In the case of the European Union (EU), it was previously expected that the regional integration would be beset by problems with regards to policy formulation and implementation. The EU is composed of countries that have been in constant race towards domination in economic and military terms. Germany and France, for example, have been known to apply stringent protectionist policies with regards to their industries to ensure that their economy will be robust and competitive. If only to emphasize the point that there are conflicting interests among the EU member states, it will be mentioned that both of the world wars started in the European theatre. However, the implementation of Single Market Programme and the Monetary Union seems to defy our idea that it is inevitable that hold up problems occur in the European Union policies except in the case of UK opting out of the single currency. The Single Market Programme ... was based on the following premises: 1) the increase in the size of the market due to regional integration results to larger scale investment that would not have been profitable in member states' national markets and 2) regional integration is can lead to an increased economic growth rate and foreign direct investment2. The EU monetary union is an agreement of its member countries to share a single currency among them - the Euro. This currency is currently used by Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City are licensed to issue and use the euro3. With such diversity and differing interests of the member nations, how did such a venture succeeded in achieving its goals In the first place, how did it become possible that such an agreement was made What are the factors that held stalemates/hold up problems from occurring These questions must be answered as this paper is interested in determining if holdup problems are indeed inevitable in negotiations. Chapter 1: Benefits and Concessions The key to a successful negotiation is that all stakeholders benefit from the agreement without too many concessions. That is, the number of benefits that the stakeholder is entitled to generally determines the willingness of the stakeholder to come to terms. As Putnam puts it, 'the larger the win sets, the greater will the probability that an agreement will be reached'4. Note that number of benefits is a function of the number of concessions made. In the Single Market Programme and Monetary union, what was offered as benefits for all the member state was the increase in foreign direct investment and other improvements in the economy. Mechanisms were placed such that

IB biology HL lab Investigate the effects of sodium bicarbonate and Report - 1

IB biology HL Investigate the effects of sodium bicarbonate and light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of leaves through the observation of floating leaf discs - Lab Report Example In this experiment, the aim is to investigate on the effects of sodium bicarbonate and the intensity of light on the photosynthesis rate in green spinach leaves through the use of floating leaf disks. Being autotrophic organisms, leaves depend on the photosynthesis process that occurs in a series of enzyme mediated steps to capture light and build energy rich carbohydrates. Leaves, when put under water undergo the light-dependent reaction process, thereby producing and releasing oxygen to their interior parts; thus, causing them to rise. However, during the same process, another process, cellular respiration, takes place and consumes the produced oxygen. Therefore, this implies that leaves must have provided the source of carbon that would allow for photosynthesis to take place (Renger, 2008). The available carbon dioxide coupled with the amount of light that the plant receives, the rate of photosynthesis is influenced. With the aspect of sodium bicarbonate arising from the CO2, it is predictable that the same would have an effect on photosynthesis rate. In this lab report, data shall be presented for the variables of the study in categories of control, dependent and independent variables. The data collected shall be in the form of number of disks that floated during the experiment when subjected under different intensities of light and solutions. The hypothesis is that when the green spinach leaves are exposed to higher light intensities in the presence of the sodium bicarbonate, less time will be taken for the leaf disks to float. This is for the reason that there is an increase in the production rate of oxygen during the photosynthesis process that the leaf disks undergo. Upon setting up an experiment in the recommended manner using all the laboratory materials and procedures, the following data was recorded in relation to the number of leaf disks that float to the top of

Harlem Shake Essay Example for Free

Harlem Shake Essay I am going to describe what I saw when I watched the Peanuts Harlem Shake video. The Harlem shake is a dance where one person dances alone for fifteen seconds, then a roomfull of people joins in doing crazy gyrating manically dance movements. Sometimes in costumes with random objects sometimes not. The reason I choose this one is because it reminds me of when I was a child and used to watch the Peanuts. On the stage of an auditorium with purple drapes and a pink wooden floor sets a grand piano. Sitting at this piano is Schreoder, a boy that has yellow hair. He is wearing a purple and black striped shirt and black pants. Behind the piano is Snoopy, a white beagle with black ears. Across the piano from Schreoder is Lucy, a girl. She has black hair and a purple dress. She is laying on the floor with her arm resting on the piano relaxing. Schreoder begins to play the piano and the same time as bass drop music as if he was playing it. Lucy is relaxing at the opposite end of piano. Snoopy starts junping up and down , running in place while his arms are spread open. At first they are oblivious to his dancing. Then they notice looking at him oddling. A few seconds later Snoopy stops tired and panting hard. The a voice over a speakers saysDo The Harlem Shake. Then a whole stage of people are dancing manically. Now Snoopy is on the front of the stage. He now has a red guitar and is playing it like a rock star, then stands it up on its end and is dancing around it. Schreoder continues to play piano. On the stage behind piano is Pigpen, a boy that never baths and has dirty clothes. He is strumming on a cello. You can tell he is dirty from the dirt and dust swirling in the air around him. There are twin girls in purple dresses dancing happily bouncing on one foot to the next waving their hands in the air in the middle of the stage. Charlie Brown, a bald boy wearing a yellow shirt with a zigzag black stripe is standing in the corner not knowing what to think about all the craziness. He is holding a megaphone but never uses it as if hes thinking What am I going to do? and just watches confused. Then bass drop music continues, you hear what sounds like a lion roar. The dancing continues. Also in the front of stand next to Snoopy is a spikey haired boy with a orange shirt. He is bouncing on his toes while shrugging his shoulders moving his head from one side to another. Freda, a natural curly brunette is in the back of the stage. She jumping up and down, arms out in front of her waving them back and forth happily. Next to her is a boy with brown hair and a green shirt. He is walking like a zombie with his arms straight out in front of him, then he switches and does the running man dance. In the middle of stange thes a girl in a green dress with black hair. She is doing a dancing like shes puncing someone while jumping. To the right of her is Linus, a boy who alway carries a banket. He is dancing with blanket in his hands, arms to his side moving them up and down. Sally, a blonde hair girl, wearing a blue dress is doing a dance that resembles the drying yourself with a towel. With Charlie Brown still confused, the music ends and so does the dancing. I do believed that the Peanuts did do the first harlem shake, but without the bass music. The video I watched the dance from was from Charlie Brown Christmas,which was produced in 1965. The harlem shake with the bass music started in 2012, 47 years later.

The Semiotic Characteristics Of Religious Symbols

The Semiotic Characteristics Of Religious Symbols Abstract: symbols ,which are meaningful and imaginative, are widely used in western religion. Actually, religious symbols are not only signs, but also a picture which contains thousands of meanings. Semiotics gives us a channel to achieve our aims reading the thought of our ancestors. Key words: semiotics, religion, religious symbols, signs I.Introduction The origin of the religious symbols The brain, which is always interested in the environment, distinguishes us from ordinary animals. Humans always ask some questions about the world: who we are, why we live on this plant, where we go to after we dead, what the meaning of raining, flood, thunder, meteor is. Thousands of years ago, humans can not answer some of these questions scientifically. So it makes us to believe that there is a kind of powerful force controlled these things. Actually, to some extent humans create a belief system which can answer these questions by themselves. Humans derive an integrated symbol and sign system, which is used to represent our thought about the universe, from the belief system. Also the religious symbols belong to it. Actually, the origin religious symbols are totem. Lu Deping has give a very comprehensive definition in his paper Semiotic Interpretation of the Primitive Totems Totem is the marker for the primitive people to identify their social affiliation consciously. It also acts as the means for the primitive groups to define their existence from the empirical continuum or the environment mingled with them.(Lu Deping , 2004) Most of the totems are abstracted from the natural such as animals , plants, mountains and so on. The Chinese dragon, which is associated by more than ten kinds of animals, is a typical totem in Chinese history. Totems rate high in mythical discourses, religious rites, and some primitive paintings . Totems are treated as symbols which can connect humans with the mysterious power which is controlling the world. With the development of human society, thousands of years latter, the threaten and worship for the mysterious power promote us to trust that there are God or Buddha in the world. Then everything that we can not understand looks logical. God or Buddha can save us from disease, disaster and anything bad. Then totems change with the passing time. They become much simple and easy to be drawn or identification such as (Christian Cross), (Star of David), (Lotus Flower), ( Taiji). B. Difference between symbol and sign In our daily life, we always try our best to distinguish symbols and signs apart. However, it is hard to do this sometimes. In linguistics, semiotics and psychology, symbol and sign are equal with each other at most times. Symbol needs sign to allege itself, and also sign means the symbolic sign. In Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English (Sixth edition), it give us a definition of sign and symbol: sign is a mark which used to represent something, especially in mathematics. Also it means an event, an action, a fact that shows that something exists, is happening or may happen in the future .(A S Hornby. P1626).Symbol is defined as a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning especially in science mathematics and music.( A S Hornby.P1791) As you see in dictionary, symbol and sign almost have the same meaning. They can also mean something that indicates that something exists or may happen, but a sign is usually something that you may find or see, while symbol is usually insinuate. It is much more meaningful. For example, sign always gives us something simple and direct. it means enter forbidden. it means no turning left. On the other side, symbol is image or the underlying meaning behind the sign. For example , fire is the symbol of the sun and the male power, the spring flowers represent a new birth and new life. When we observe the world with symbol, maybe you feel that life become much more colorful and meaningful. In academic field, the argumentations about sign and symbol have never stopped . In all of which Saussure and Pierce are the representative of symbol in semiotics. Saussure position of symbol and sign is not definite. But in his Course in General Linguistics, he think that the word symbol is sometimes used to designate the linguistic sign, or more exactly the part of the linguistic sign which we are calling the signal.(Ferdinand de Saussure, 1986,p.68). But Pierce point out that everything is a sign. It defines three roles encompassing (1) the sign, (2) the signs subject matter, called its object, and (3) the signs meaning or ramification as formed into a kind of effect called its interpreting .(Charles Sanders Peirce by wikipedia). Peirce think that symbol belongs to sign . We can conveniently explain the semiotic phenomenon. For example, the shop signboard is a sign, The words or symbol is sign. The shop which represents is the object. At last ,the information of the words or symb ol is the interpreting. II.The relationship between religion and religion symbols No matter which kind of religion it is, in its early iterations, religion is expression by symbols. Before Gandhara time, there is no Buddhist Statue in Buddhism. People use the symbols such as the big banyan tree, pedestal, dharma-cakra and footmark and so on to represent some meanings. The same with Buddhism, the early Christianity also use a symbolistic way to extend its doctrines. For example, the Christian Cross represent Christ, The palm tree stands for a martyr. Fish is the symbol of Jesus. Peacock means this eternal soul within the body of every living entity is immortal; Interestingly most of the religions choose plants, animals, or abstract symbols to symbolize its doctrines. Religious symbols are also changed with the development of religion. Until now, the cross is often shown in different shapes and sizes, in many different styles. It may be used in personal jewelry, or used on top of church buildings. A. The importance of religion in western peoples eyes As we know, religions have a wide-ranging influence on social life in western country. They are concerns about law, politics, art, economy and science. It is a long time that law and religions have the same element: observances, traditions, authority and generality. Before the Middle Ages, or in the Middle Ages, in Rome the Church almost have control the country. Church has its own canon law. People are not only protected by the Natural Law, but also observe the canon law and be committed to the church, or they would be punished by the canon law. The canon law is formed by Bible, resolution of church meeting, Popes edict and Roman law. In the world of art, the religion have a far-reaching effect. One of the most famous painters, Da Vinci has painted some famous paint such as The Last Supper, The Vitruvian Man, The Baptism of Christ and so on. Even though Da Vinci is regarded as a Christian. The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time. Perhaps you have known a best seller book named The Da Vinci Code . In the book , the writer has given as a new side to understand The Last Supper . He thinks that there is a big secret hidden in The Last Supper. It is about the Holy Grail which is an argument in Christianity. The writer also says Da Vinci incorporated in many of his Christian paintings hidden symbolism that was anything but Christian-tributes to his own beliefs and a subtle thumbing of his nose at the Church (Dan Brown,2003,p50) Although the viewpoint is not agree with most pursuers ,but I think Da Vince can not draw these works with any effects of religion. If you are a careful person or a politic enthusiastic, you may notice the inaugural speech of the USA. Almost all the presidents of American will say God bless you, God bless the United States of American . at the end of the speech. It is regarded as the most obvious example of the effect religion in politics. The incumbent president, Obama in his inaugural speech says We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. You can find that the disciples of religion are also the important source of votes. And the church also has a lot of social capital. Church can provide a lot of volunteers for community work. The church holds the non-governmental organization such as hospital, orphanage, and a homeless centre together. In fact, most of primary school in American are hold by church. Religion has a far-reaching influence in western peoples life. Ninety-five percent Americans are blamed he believes god. They may go to church every week and tell the god what they have done or what they want to do next week. Even more remarkable, Christian would pray before their meal in order to thank god for his mercy. When they face some problem or difficulties, they may beg god for power. Most Christians believe that they will go into heaven if they do something good., or they help god to punish evils. In western countries, there are also some festivals connected with religion. Christmas, Easter, All Saints Day are known by us. Christmas is the birthday of Jesus. It is the most important festival in western countries. The important use of the religious symbols during religious activities When we talk about religious symbols, we must understand what it is. In the front of my paper, I have given you the definition in the dictionary of symbol. But I think religious symbol have a little different with it. Religious symbols are a mark used as a token of something invisible. Religious symbols have a perpetual connection with the significance. They must respect a concept which is hard to deeply understand and hold in the round. As the understanding of religious symbols, Here, I want to point out three important use of them in religious activities. The first one is conveyance. In religious activities, religious symbols are treated as a paper. On the paper, the wish of us has been written . Colors have considered as a religious symbols. There are two groups of color in Christianity. The first group is red, white, green and blue. They are used to explain the hope of life, pure, peace and beautiful. The black, brown, grey and yellow are stand for danger, death and unclean. So you may find that in western countrys celebration of a marriage, the bridal dress must be white, and the pastor should wear a white or red shawl to bless the new couple. But in the funeral, the pastor may wear a black shawl to make a memorial speech. The religious symbols have been used us a way to send some information to others. Actually, the cathedral is not only a place for prayer, but also a symbol of religion. People prayed to god to keep their family from harm or forgive their crimes. Here god show his mercy to all of us. Then the cathedral has been tr eat as a refuge of our soul. It convey the order of the god to us and point out the way forward. The second is connection. During the religious activities, we often see the Christian to make the sign of the cross over so as to sanctify or devotion. Exactly, they think it is a way to communicate with god. When they make the cross, the soul is connecting with god. They will get the message from the god. On the other side, the cross is considered as the symbol of god. It is the God incarnate. They pray before the cross in order to inspire from the god and clean their soul. The third is decoration. The Christian Cross is often used on the top of the church. Firstly, it symbolize it is a church and its awfulness. But the second is decoration. Actually, religious symbols are widely used in religious building and arts. Cross, Rose and four colors which I have introduce to you in the front of my paper, are three kinds of common elements in Christian building. When you walk into a church, you may observe the window carefully. There are a lot of pictures on the window. Most of these pictures describe a story between pope and his knights. You can easily find that cross is used on the shield of knight and his cloth. Of course, most of pictures can not get through with color. Christianity likes to use white, blue, green and golden to decorate these pictures. There is one important plant in Christianity. The vines is to Christianity what lotus is to Buddhism. In Bible, there are a lot of story mentioned the vines For the kingdom of heaven is like unto a man that is an householder, which went out early in the morning to hire labourers into his vineyard. (Matthew, 20:1) So when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his steward, Call the labourers, and give them their hire, beginning from the last unto the first. (Matthew, 20:8) And the vine said unto them, Should I leave my wine, which cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees?(Judges 9:13) There are some other place mentioned vines such as Isaiah 5: 1-7, Mark 12:1, Luke 20:9 and so on. That is why vines can be use on the wall of churchs building and the martyrs tomb. III.The semiotic characteristics of religious symbols In the front of my paper, we have analysis the religious symbols through the cultural semiotics and general semiotics. Actually, Semiotic has been divide into linguistic semiotics, general semiotics, cultural semiotics. Religious symbols are various in forms and rich content. They are full of or characterized by semiotic meaning. A. The characteristics of semiotics We should analysis the status and influence of contemporary semiotics in two aspects: surface and substance. On the face of it, Semiotics has been not an independent subject. The achievements in scientific research are not noticeable and some of the achievements are lack of quality. Judging by substance, semiotics has been widely used in most of the humanities. More and more celebrated scholars be engaged in semiotics research. The phenomenon reflects the exuberant vitality of semiotics. In Li Youzheng book-Introduction to Theoretical Semiotics, the writer introduce the complex of Semiotics. Mostly ¼Ã…’my opinion is also based on this book.In Introduction to Theoretical Semiotics, the write definite the semiotics like this Semiotics is a subject which analyzes sign, semiosis or the function of sign. (Li Youzheng, 1996.p.2) and symbol is belong to its study. So as far as I am concerned, Semiotics has three marked characteristics. Firstly, Semiotics has a long history. Posner has divided it into six types: Ancient Greece and Rome, Ancient and Middle Age, Middle Age western semiotics history, the modern western, the contemporary western, The concept of non-Western notation history. (Historical and Theory, a Journal Chinese, 1988.P116-117). The history of semiotics is tracked back to 3000 B.C. But until the 60th age, the semiotics is treat as an independent discipline, which emerges in French, American and Soviet. Secondly ¼Ã…’Semiotics is a complicated and broad science. Li Youzheng also divides the semiotics into three parts: linguistic semiotics, general semiotics and cultural semiotics. Linguistic semiotics has used linguistic, phonemics, semantics, stylistics and rhetoric. Linguistic semiotics must use coordination of several subjects to explore the meaning of symbols or signs. Compared with linguistic semiotics, perhaps general semiotics is a little simpler. But it also involves various theories such as Morrices conception of theory of sign system, Ecos typology of signs, Peirces Typology of signs, Non-Strcit code systems. These theories are all important and never be neglected in the semiotic history. Lastly ¼Ã…’the cross-cultural research is extremely difficulty. The most obvious point is the understanding of a symbol à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  In most influenced by Buddhism, people think that à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  respects constancy and auspicious indication. But in World War 2. Hitler chooses it to be the sign of Nazi. Hitler consider the Aryans is the best race all around the world. à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  is the symbol of Aryans. Another is color. In western country, rose is the symbol of love, and red symbolize the passion, but sometimes it refers to scarlet woman. As I know, red always refers to pure love and happy in China and India. Chinese bride always wears a red dress. So we can easily find that different cultural take different understanding of symbols and sign. When we are going to analysis the meaning of a symbol or sign across culture, it may take a big problem to us. The characteristics of religious symbols The same as the semiotics, the religious symbols have a long history. At the beginning of my paper, I have introduced the original religious symbol Totem to you. Religious symbols almost have the same history of humans civilization. With the development of religion and civilization, religious symbols also have different forms. is the symbol of Islam named star and crescent. It standard bright and perfect. is a special symbol. There are many ideas about the symbolic meaning of the Star of David. Some Kabbalists think that the six points represented Gods absolute rule over the universe in all six directions: north, south, east, west, up and down. They also believed that the triangles represented humanitys dual nature good and evil and that the star could be used as protection against evil spirits. The structure of the star, with two overlapping triangles, has also been thought to represent the relationship between God and the Jewish people. The star that points up symbolizes God and the star that points down represents us here on earth. Yet others have noticed that there are twelve sides on the triangle, perhaps representing the Twelve Tribes. Until now, people still have an absolute meaning of the Star of David . A lot of religious symbols have an obscure meaning. You can not only understand it by its structure or shape. For example, lamb in Christianity means the resurrection of Christ from the death. Can you say it means meekness and prettiness? Absolutely not! The connection of semiotics and religious symbols After the analysis of characteristics of semiotics and religious symbols, we can find that religious symbols have a much longer history than semiotics. But symbols as the research subject, we have analysis by the systematization of semiotics. Semiotics can explain the meaning of symbols by different aspects and draw a correct conclusion. Although symbols are a complex and changeable system, semiotics always gives us an rational sublimation. Symbol also accelerates the progress of semiotics. It is hard for me to find a suitable metaphor to describe the relationship between them. But I think if symbols is water, the semiotics must be fish. The fish can not live without water. Without fish the water will never be vibrant. IV.Conclusion Haviland said Religion can be seen as an organized series of supernatural powers belief or ceremonies.(William A. Haviland, 2005,p.392).Religious symbols are a part of our belief. Semiotics is a tool of investigation. It may be not consummate and comprehensive, but it has afforded us a direction to analysis our belief system. Also that is the point we need to work for. Modern semiotics is a new branch of knowledge. It has been neglect for a long time. Its popularity must take a brain-storm in research of symbols.